Instalab ResearchThe prostate biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer. Even though imaging and biomarkers have advanced, only microscopic examination of prostate tissue provides definitive answers about cancer presence, grade, and extent.
In most hospitals, the standard method is the transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy. Typically, 10 to 12 small cores of tissue are taken. Each core is obtained by inserting a fine hollow needle into the gland. Alternative approaches include transperineal biopsy, which passes through the skin between the scrotum and anus. This approach avoids the rectum and is increasingly used due to its lower infection risk.
The act of removing tissue is inherently invasive. Each needle core leaves behind a tiny wound. The question is whether those small injuries result in significant or lasting harm.
The most common biopsy outcomes are bleeding and discomfort. Hematuria (blood in urine), rectal bleeding, and hematospermia (blood in semen) occur in a substantial proportion of men. Large prospective and multicenter studies show hematuria in around 25 to 50 percent of patients, rectal bleeding in about 20 percent, and hematospermia in up to 15 percent. These usually resolve on their own within days to weeks and do not cause permanent damage.
Pain is another short-term issue. Despite anesthesia, many men report moderate pain during or shortly after the procedure. Importantly, studies comparing different biopsy core numbers (such as 8, 10, or 12) show that more cores do not necessarily lead to significantly more pain or lasting complications. The discomfort is real, but transient.
Vasovagal reactions, urinary retention, and temporary dysuria are less common but documented. These side effects are considered manageable and typically leave no long-term trace on the prostate.
The prostate biopsy carries one risk that stands apart: infection. Because the transrectal approach pierces the rectal wall, bacteria from the intestine can be introduced into the prostate and bloodstream.
Prospective studies and large retrospective series report infectious complications in 1 to 5 percent of patients. These range from urinary tract infections to prostatitis and, in rare cases, sepsis requiring hospitalization. Mortality is exceedingly rare but has been documented.
Risk factors include diabetes, prior prostatitis, higher PSA levels, and the presence of an indwelling catheter. Prophylactic antibiotics reduce infection risk, but the rising prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria complicates prevention strategies. Some centers now use rectal swab cultures to tailor antibiotics or have switched to transperineal biopsy, which almost eliminates sepsis.
The seriousness of infection means it is fair to describe biopsy as potentially damaging in some cases. However, the absolute risk is low, and most infections respond well to antibiotics.
When looking for lasting prostate damage, researchers have asked whether biopsies cause scarring, urinary problems, or erectile dysfunction. Pathological studies of prostates removed during surgery confirm that biopsy tracks leave small fibrotic scars. These are microscopic and scattered. There is no strong evidence that they disrupt gland function.
Functional outcomes are equally reassuring. Large-scale clinical studies show no consistent increase in long-term urinary incontinence or erectile dysfunction attributable solely to biopsy. Cases of erectile dysfunction after biopsy have been reported, but most occur in men already diagnosed with prostate cancer, raising the possibility that the psychological burden of the diagnosis, rather than tissue damage, explains the symptom.
Repeated biopsies for men under active surveillance have raised concerns about cumulative injury. While multiple rounds of sampling do increase the chance of scarring and transient bleeding, long-term functional damage remains uncommon in the published literature.
Damage is not always physical. The anxiety of undergoing biopsy, the anticipation of results, and the distress of seeing blood in urine or semen can leave lasting impressions. Controlled studies have shown that while most men are willing to undergo repeat biopsies if needed, many describe the procedure as unpleasant and emotionally taxing.
This psychological component is important in understanding how patients experience biopsy. Even when the gland heals physically, the memory of the procedure may influence a man’s approach to future screening and care.
Together, these changes highlight that the extent of biopsy-related “damage” depends not only on the act of sampling but also on the method chosen and the preparation protocols.
So, does a prostate biopsy damage the prostate? The evidence suggests that while every biopsy causes small tissue injuries, these are usually temporary and heal without consequence. The main risks are bleeding and infection. Bleeding is common but self-limiting. Infection is rare but potentially serious. Permanent gland damage is uncommon.
At the same time, biopsy remains the only way to definitively diagnose prostate cancer, a disease that kills hundreds of thousands of men worldwide each year. For many, the benefits of accurate diagnosis far outweigh the risks of the procedure. The key is thoughtful patient selection, careful technique, and continuous improvements in safety.
