The big picture: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a metabolite of DHEA, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that serves as a precursor to sex hormones, including estrogen and testosterone. It plays an essential role in regulating metabolism, immune function, and aging. DHEA-S levels naturally decline with age in both men and women, contributing to reduced energy, muscle mass loss, and a heightened risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and metabolic issues. Monitoring DHEA-S levels can help assess adrenal function, hormone balance, and overall health in both genders.

Role in performance: DHEA-S is key to physical performance in both men and women, supporting muscle strength, energy levels, and recovery. It plays a role in anabolic processes that help build and maintain lean muscle mass, which is important for endurance, fitness, and overall physical function. Higher levels of DHEA-S are linked to improved physical resilience, faster recovery after exercise, and better stress management. While athletes and those focused on maintaining fitness may consider DHEA-S supplementation, excessive use can lead to hormone imbalances and side effects, particularly in men, where it could disrupt natural testosterone production.

Role in hormone balance and health: DHEA-S plays a critical role in balancing sex hormones in both men and women. In men, it contributes to testosterone production, affecting libido, mood, and overall vitality. In women, it helps regulate estrogen levels, influencing reproductive health, mood, and cognitive function. As DHEA-S declines with age, both men and women may experience symptoms like decreased energy, reduced libido, mood disturbances, and weakened immune function.

Low DHEA-S: In both men and women, low DHEA-S levels may result from aging, adrenal insufficiency, or chronic illness. Common symptoms include fatigue, decreased libido, depression, and loss of muscle mass. In men, low levels of DHEA-S may contribute to low testosterone levels, affecting physical and sexual health. Low DHEA-S is also linked to increased risks of osteoporosis and weakened immune function. Managing low DHEA-S may involve addressing underlying health conditions, improving diet and exercise, and considering hormone replacement therapy (HRT) under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

High DHEA-S: Elevated DHEA-S levels can occur in both men and women and may indicate conditions like PCOS (in women), adrenal hyperplasia, or adrenal tumors. In men, high DHEA-S could disrupt hormone balance and lead to excessive testosterone or estrogen production. Symptoms of high DHEA-S include acne, hair loss, mood changes, and in some cases, abnormal growth of body or facial hair. Managing elevated DHEA-S levels involves treating the underlying cause, whether through medication or lifestyle modifications to regulate hormone production.