Ascaris Lumbricoides Test

Chronic stomach pain, unexplained diarrhea, stalled growth in a child, or a cough and wheeze that started after foreign travel can all point to something most doctors in wealthy countries rarely think to check for: an actual worm living inside you. Ascaris lumbricoides (the large human roundworm) infects roughly 700 to 800 million people worldwide, and adults can reach more than 30 centimeters long while producing around 200,000 eggs a day.

This stool test looks for those eggs. A positive result is a direct answer, not a hint. It tells you whether the worm is present in your gut right now, which turns a long list of vague symptoms into one specific, treatable problem with a known cure.

What This Test Actually Detects

The test examines a stool sample under a microscope for Ascaris eggs. The egg output reflects adult worms living in your small intestine. A single adult female can shed enormous numbers of eggs, which is why microscopy can catch most active infections, though not all. Light infections and samples taken on a quiet day of egg shedding can be missed, so a single negative result does not completely rule out infection.

Infection happens by swallowing eggs from soil, food, or water contaminated with human or pig feces. It does not spread person to person directly. Risk is highest in humid tropical areas, rural settings with poor sanitation, households with soil floors, and communities that live near pig herds. Children, preschool and school-age in particular, show the highest rates and the heaviest worm loads.

Why It Matters: Gut Complications

Many infections stay quiet, but a heavy worm load can block the bowel. Documented complications include intestinal obstruction, volvulus (a twisted loop of intestine that cuts off blood supply), gastric or intestinal perforation, and worms migrating into the bile duct, pancreatic duct, or even the esophagus. A published series of 87 children described Ascaris as a cause of intestinal obstruction requiring surgery in some cases, and case reports document rare but life-threatening outcomes including small bowel volvulus in a 75 year old and disseminated disease severe enough to require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO, a heart-lung bypass machine used in intensive care).

Chronic low-grade infection has been linked to growth and cognitive impairment in children, likely through ongoing nutrient diversion and low-grade inflammation. Adults can carry the worm for years with only intermittent cramping or bloating, which is why a clear stool result often surprises people who have been chasing a diagnosis for months.

Why It Matters: Asthma and Allergic Disease

Ascaris infection and sensitization have repeatedly been tied to asthma and airway reactivity. A study of 2,164 children in rural China found that Ascaris infection was associated with increased risk of childhood asthma and allergy. A separate study of 439 children in Costa Rica found that sensitization to Ascaris (measured by Ascaris-specific IgE, an antibody your immune system makes in response to parasites and allergens) was linked to more severe asthma. Work in Venezuelan children from infected regions documented higher rates of bronchial hyperreactivity, and research using Ascaris molecular components (the worm's own proteins) tied IgE responses to more severe shortness of breath and emergency room visits.

What this means for you: if you have asthma that started or worsened after living in or traveling to an endemic region, checking whether you also carry the worm is a reasonable piece of the workup rather than an exotic one.

Why It Matters: Co-infection and Nutrition

Ascaris changes how the immune system responds to other pathogens. In a study of 358 outpatients in Cameroon, intestinal helminth infection worsened malaria outcomes, including anemia and fever, and shifted interleukin-1 beta (an inflammatory signaling protein). Work in Venezuelan schoolchildren showed that Ascaris co-infection altered the immune response against Giardia, a separate intestinal parasite. On the opposite side, a study of 276 adults in Benin found that higher Ascaris antibody levels were associated with less severe COVID-19. These findings do not mean the worm is protective overall. They mean it measurably changes immune tone, and that treating it can shift how your body handles other infections.

Reference Ranges and How to Read Results

This is a qualitative test. A result is reported as present or not detected, sometimes with an intensity estimate based on egg counts per gram of stool. The World Health Organization's broad morbidity framework, modeled from global data, describes four clinical tiers: temporary deficits in growth or fitness, permanent deficits, overt illness, and complications serious enough to require hospitalization. Most morbidity clusters in children. These categories come from population modeling, not individual lab cutpoints, and the research does not define a universally accepted egg-count threshold that separates mild from heavy infection.

These categories come from global modeling of millions of people, not from a single lab's cutpoints, and the goal here is not a sweet spot. It is zero eggs.

Source: morbidity framework adapted from de Silva et al., 1997. Any detection result is clinically meaningful. Treatment is the same regardless of intensity, but heavier loads carry higher short-term risk of complications.

When Results Can Be Misleading

The biggest source of a falsely negative result is sampling. Egg output varies day to day. In a study of 5,624 people, a single Kato-Katz stool examination (a standard microscopy technique) caught about 96.9% of Ascaris infections. Testing two daily samples raised sensitivity to 99.9%, and three samples reached 100%. Around 9% of people flipped between positive and negative on consecutive days, purely from biological variation in egg shedding.

Microscopy can also misread what is there. Pollen, plant cells, and decorticated eggs (eggs that have lost their outer shell) can be mistaken for Ascaris, producing false positives. And even a good microscopist cannot tell human Ascaris lumbricoides from the closely related pig roundworm Ascaris suum without DNA testing, which matters mainly for epidemiology rather than treatment.

Tracking Your Trend

A single stool sample is a snapshot. If you have symptoms that fit but the first test is negative, repeating the test on two additional days is the single highest-yield move you can make. If your first test is positive, the important retest happens after treatment, typically at 2 to 4 weeks, to confirm the worm is gone. Reinfection is common in endemic settings. A meta-analysis of soil-transmitted worm reinfection after drug treatment found rates often reaching 90% of baseline within 12 months where exposure continues, which is why repeat testing matters for anyone still living in or traveling to a high-risk area.

A reasonable cadence: test when symptoms appear or after travel to an endemic region, retest 2 to 4 weeks after a treatment course to confirm clearance, and screen annually if you live in or frequently visit a high-prevalence area.

What to Do With an Abnormal Result

A positive result should trigger three actions. First, treatment. Standard first-line therapy is albendazole or mebendazole, which are inexpensive, taken orally, and highly effective (see the interventions section for details). Second, evaluate for co-infection. Ascaris commonly travels with hookworm, Trichuris (whipworm), and Giardia, so a broader stool parasite workup is reasonable. A complete blood count (to check for anemia) and total immunoglobulin E (a blood antibody level that often rises with parasite infection) add useful context. Third, screen household contacts if you live with others in a shared-exposure environment, because household clustering is well documented.

If your results suggest a heavy worm burden or you develop severe abdominal pain, vomiting, or signs of obstruction, that is not a watchful-waiting situation. Heavy Ascaris infections can cause bowel obstruction and rare but serious complications that require imaging and, occasionally, surgical or endoscopic removal.

How This Test Compares to Other Tools

Stool microscopy is the most widely used test and performs well for active infection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a DNA-based test, is more sensitive for light infections but is not universally available. Antibody tests in blood (Ascaris-specific IgG, IgG4, and IgE) reflect past or ongoing exposure rather than a live infection you can treat. Antibodies can stay elevated after the worm is gone, so a positive antibody test without eggs in stool usually means historical exposure. For most people asking the question is there a worm in me right now, the stool test remains the most direct answer.