Homocysteine Test

Your body produces homocysteine (a byproduct of methionine metabolism) every time it processes protein. Normally, B vitamins quickly recycle it back into useful molecules. When that recycling stalls, homocysteine accumulates in your blood, and even modestly elevated levels are linked to a higher risk of stroke, heart attack, dementia, and early death. Standard blood panels do not measure it, so most people have no idea where they stand.

What makes this biomarker uniquely actionable is that the most common cause of high levels is also one of the most treatable: a deficiency in folate, vitamin B12, or vitamin B6. Knowing your homocysteine level can expose a hidden nutritional gap that, left unaddressed, quietly accelerates damage to your blood vessels and brain.

What Homocysteine Tells You

Homocysteine is an intermediate molecule in what scientists call one-carbon metabolism, a set of chemical recycling reactions that depend on folate (vitamin B9), vitamin B12, and vitamin B6. Through one pathway, homocysteine gets converted back into methionine (which your cells need for dozens of functions) using folate and B12. Through a second pathway, it gets converted into cysteine (another amino acid) using B6. When either pathway slows down, homocysteine backs up in your blood.

Because homocysteine sits at this metabolic crossroads, a high reading can signal a deficiency in any of those three B vitamins, a genetic variant that slows processing (such as the MTHFR C677T variant), or impaired kidney function. Your kidneys help clear homocysteine, so even mild kidney decline can push levels up.

Stroke Risk

Stroke is the outcome with the strongest and most consistent evidence linking it to homocysteine. A meta-analysis pooling 10 prospective studies with over 11,000 participants found that people with the highest homocysteine levels were about 58% more likely to suffer a stroke than those with the lowest levels. The relationship was linear: for every 1 µmol/L increase, stroke risk rose by about 6%.

The Framingham Heart Study found that people in the top quarter of homocysteine levels had roughly 1.8 times the stroke risk of those in the bottom quarter, even after adjusting for traditional risk factors like blood pressure and smoking. A separate analysis from the NHANES III cohort found a similar pattern, with the top quartile carrying about 2.3 times the risk.

Unlike some biomarker associations that weaken once you account for other risk factors, the link between homocysteine and stroke has held up across multiple study designs, including genetic studies (Mendelian randomization) that support a causal connection. A meta-analysis of intervention trials also found that B vitamin supplementation reduced stroke risk by about 10%, providing modest but real evidence that lowering homocysteine translates into fewer strokes.

Heart Disease and Mortality

The cardiovascular picture beyond stroke is important but more nuanced. A meta-analysis combining genetic and prospective data found that each 5 µmol/L increase in homocysteine was associated with about 32% higher odds of ischemic heart disease in the prospective studies and about 42% higher odds in the genetic studies. Another pooled analysis of over 23,000 people found that those with the highest homocysteine levels were roughly 66% more likely to die from coronary heart disease, 68% more likely to die from any cardiovascular cause, and 93% more likely to die from any cause compared to those with the lowest levels.

What this means for you: A level even modestly above the optimal range is associated with meaningfully higher risks across multiple endpoints. The dose-response pattern is linear, meaning there is no safe threshold below which risk stops declining. Risk starts climbing from about 10 µmol/L.

A major caveat: large randomized trials of B vitamin supplementation have lowered homocysteine effectively but have not consistently reduced heart attack or cardiovascular death rates. This has led to an ongoing debate about whether homocysteine directly causes heart disease or whether it is primarily a marker of underlying nutritional or metabolic problems that independently raise risk. Either way, an elevated level tells you something meaningful about your body that is worth investigating.

Dementia and Cognitive Decline

An updated meta-analysis of 28 prospective studies with over 28,000 participants found that for every 5 µmol/L increase in homocysteine, the risk of Alzheimer's disease rose by about 15%, with a clear linear pattern. A Japanese study following over 1,500 adults aged 60 and older for a decade found that those in the highest fifth of homocysteine (above 11.5 µmol/L) had roughly 2.3 times the risk of developing any type of dementia and about twice the risk of Alzheimer's specifically, compared to those in the lowest fifth.

These associations held after adjusting for age, sex, education, and vascular risk factors. The link between homocysteine and vascular dementia was even stronger, with a 2.5-fold increased risk in the highest group. If cognitive longevity matters to you, knowing your homocysteine trend is a practical step toward early awareness.

Digestive Tract Cancer

An umbrella review of 135 observational meta-analyses rated digestive tract cancer as the only cancer outcome with convincing evidence linking it to homocysteine. A dose-response meta-analysis of 13 studies found that each 5 µmol/L increase raised digestive tract cancer risk by about 27%. A large nested study within the Women's Health Initiative found that women in the top quarter of homocysteine (above 9.85 µmol/L) had about 46% higher odds of colorectal cancer compared to those in the bottom quarter.

Reference Ranges

Men tend to have levels about 10% higher than women at every age, and homocysteine rises substantially after age 50 in both sexes. Kidney function is the single strongest confounder: even a mild decline in filtration rate pushes levels up. Always compare your results within the same lab over time rather than relying on any single cutpoint.

These tiers are drawn from published research and consensus guidelines (including the DACH-LIGA Homocysteine Society and AHA/ASA guidelines). Your lab may use different assays and cutpoints. Compare your results within the same lab over time for the most meaningful trend. In folic acid-fortified populations, the upper reference limit has shifted downward to about 12 µmol/L.

Tracking Your Trend

Homocysteine is one of the more stable blood biomarkers from measurement to measurement. The within-person coefficient of variation is about 7 to 8%, and the reliability coefficient over one month is 0.72 to 0.94, meaning your level stays fairly consistent in the short term. Over one to three years, reliability ranges from 0.65 to 0.88. A single reading gives a reasonable snapshot, but tracking over time is where the real value lies.

A change of more than about 16% downward or 19% upward from your previous reading likely represents a true biological shift rather than normal variation. If you are supplementing with B vitamins or making dietary changes, retest after 6 to 8 weeks to confirm the intervention is actually moving your number. Then check at least annually to make sure it stays where you want it.

Serial trending also catches gradual rises that might signal early kidney decline, worsening B12 absorption (common with aging and certain medications), or dietary drift. A number that was 8 µmol/L two years ago and is now 13 µmol/L tells a story that a single snapshot cannot.

When Results Can Be Misleading

Kidney function is the most common reason a result looks worse than your underlying nutrition warrants. Even a mild reduction in filtration rate raises homocysteine independently of B vitamin status. If your level is elevated and you have any reason to suspect kidney changes, check your creatinine and eGFR before assuming the problem is nutritional.

Fasting status matters in a subtle way: people who have not eaten for six or more hours before a blood draw tend to have slightly higher levels (about 0.5 µmol/L higher) than those who ate recently. Most guidelines recommend an 8 to 12 hour fast for consistency. Posture can also shift results: lying down for 30 minutes lowers homocysteine by about 6%, while a prolonged tourniquet application raises it slightly.

Acute exercise temporarily raises homocysteine by about 1 µmol/L on average, with the effect resolving within 24 hours. If you had a hard workout the morning of your blood draw, your number may be slightly inflated.

Several medications shift homocysteine without reflecting a true change in cardiovascular or nutritional health. Fibrates (prescribed for triglycerides) raise homocysteine by about 3.5 µmol/L on average through interference with folate metabolism, not because they cause vascular damage. Older anticonvulsants like phenytoin and carbamazepine raise levels by disrupting folate processing. Corticosteroids raise homocysteine and reduce folate levels, an effect seen in both Cushing's syndrome and steroid-treated inflammatory conditions. If you are taking any of these medications, mention them when interpreting your results.

Surgery involving nitrous oxide anesthesia can spike homocysteine by 25% or more within 24 hours by directly blocking the enzyme that recycles homocysteine back to methionine. Levels after a recent surgery may not reflect your baseline. Acute illness and sepsis can also elevate readings.