InstalabMycotoxins II
Should you take a Mycotoxins II test?
This test is most useful if any of these apply to you.
29 biomarkers included
- Aflatoxin B1The most studied mold toxin, made by Aspergillus on grains and nuts; the panel's clearest marker of a compound with cancer-linked biology in humans.Elevated aflatoxin B1 signals recent intake of a toxin tied in human studies to liver cancer risk.
- Aflatoxin B2A close chemical cousin of aflatoxin B1 from the same Aspergillus molds; its presence corroborates aflatoxin exposure across the family.A positive B2 confirms aflatoxin-producing mold reached your recent food supply alongside the other aflatoxins.
- Aflatoxin G1Another aflatoxin variant produced by Aspergillus species; it widens the panel's read on total aflatoxin exposure.Detection broadens the aflatoxin picture, suggesting a wider mix of aflatoxin-producing molds in your exposure.
- Aflatoxin G2The least potent of the four main aflatoxins; its inclusion captures the full aflatoxin fingerprint rather than one form.A positive G2 rounds out confirmation that aflatoxin-producing molds recently reached your body.
- Aflatoxin M1A liver-processed breakdown product of aflatoxin B1, also found in dairy; a validated urine marker of true internal aflatoxin dose.M1 reflects aflatoxin your body actually absorbed and metabolized, not just surface contamination on food.
- Chaetoglobosin AA byproduct of Chaetomium and related damp-building molds; included to broaden coverage of water-damage-associated fungi.Detection is an exploratory signal of damp-building mold exposure, not an established disease marker.
- CitrininA kidney-linked toxin from Penicillium and Aspergillus, often found alongside ochratoxin A in stored grains.A raised citrinin level suggests stored-grain molds and adds weight to a kidney-toxin exposure pattern.
- DihydrocitrinoneThe main human breakdown product of citrinin; its presence confirms citrinin was absorbed and processed by your body.As a true breakdown product, it is a more reliable sign of real citrinin exposure than citrinin itself.
- Enniatin BAn emerging Fusarium toxin widespread in cereals and reliably detected in urine; included to broaden the panel's Fusarium coverage.Detection signals common cereal-associated Fusarium exposure, an emerging marker without settled health thresholds.
- Fumonisins B1The main fumonisin, a corn-associated Fusarium toxin studied for effects on tissue and development; a core part of the Fusarium picture.Elevated fumonisin B1 suggests recent corn-based exposure; urine reflects recent intake more than long-term burden.
- Fumonisins B2A secondary fumonisin from the same corn-loving Fusarium molds; it corroborates fumonisin exposure detected by B1.A positive B2 supports a genuine fumonisin exposure pattern rather than an isolated finding.
- Fumonisins B3A less common fumonisin variant; its inclusion captures the full fumonisin group rather than a single form.Detection adds confirmation that fumonisin-producing molds contributed to your recent exposure.
- GliotoxinAn immune-suppressing byproduct of Aspergillus fumigatus, a mold tied to damp indoor spaces; included to probe airborne Aspergillus exposure.A positive gliotoxin is an exploratory signal of Aspergillus exposure, not a validated diagnosis of illness.
- Mycophenolic AcidAn immune-suppressing compound made by Penicillium molds (also used as a drug); in non-medicated people it is proposed as an indoor-mold exposure marker.Detection in someone not on immunosuppressant medication is an exploratory clue to Penicillium exposure, not proof of disease.
- Ochratoxin AA kidney-associated toxin from Aspergillus and Penicillium found in stored grains, coffee, and wine; among the most frequently detected in people.Elevated ochratoxin A flags exposure to a compound studied for kidney effects, though blood often captures it better.
- PatulinA toxin from Penicillium and Aspergillus common on damaged fruit; it adds a distinct food-spoilage exposure signal.A raised patulin level points toward spoiled fruit or juice rather than grain-based sources.
- SterigmatocystinA chemical precursor to aflatoxin made by Aspergillus; a less-studied toxin whose detection widens Aspergillus coverage.Detection is an exploratory marker of Aspergillus exposure; human interpretation frameworks remain limited.
- ZearalenoneAn estrogen-mimicking Fusarium toxin found in cereals; the panel's main marker of a hormone-active exposure.Elevated zearalenone suggests a toxin that can act like estrogen, most concerning when combined with other toxins.
- DeoxynivalenolThe most common cereal toxin worldwide and the best-validated urine marker; a Fusarium trichothecene tied to gut and appetite effects.High deoxynivalenol is the panel's most reliable sign of recent cereal-based mold exposure.
- DiacetoxyscirpenolA potent Fusarium trichothecene that blocks protein-building in cells; included to capture more of the trichothecene family.Detection signals exposure to a highly bioactive Fusarium toxin, though human urine data remain limited.
- NivalenolA close relative of deoxynivalenol from Fusarium; it corroborates trichothecene exposure through a second grain-associated toxin.A positive nivalenol strengthens a trichothecene exposure pattern alongside deoxynivalenol.
- Roridin AA macrocyclic trichothecene from Stachybotrys and related water-damage molds; part of the panel's damp-building cluster.Detection is an exploratory clue to water-damaged-building exposure; these toxins lack validated urine cutoffs.
- Roridin EAnother Stachybotrys-associated macrocyclic trichothecene; its inclusion helps map the range of damp-building toxins.A positive result adds to a possible water-damage exposure pattern, though interpretation stays research-grade.
- Roridin L2A less common macrocyclic trichothecene from water-damage molds; captured to widen the Stachybotrys fingerprint.Detection broadens an exploratory damp-building exposure signal rather than confirming any illness.
- Satratoxin GA macrocyclic trichothecene produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, the classic black mold; central to the damp-building toxin cluster.A positive satratoxin G is an exploratory marker of black-mold exposure; no validated clinical cutoff exists.
- Satratoxin HA closely related Stachybotrys toxin measured directly in some water-damaged homes; it corroborates satratoxin exposure.Detection supports a black-mold exposure pattern but cannot, on its own, diagnose mold-related illness.
- T-2 ToxinOne of the most toxic Fusarium trichothecenes, tied to grain and immune effects; a central member of the trichothecene group.Elevated T-2 flags exposure to a potent trichothecene, though its urine marker is less validated than deoxynivalenol.
- Verrucarin AA macrocyclic trichothecene from Stachybotrys and related molds; it adds to the panel's map of water-damage toxins.A raised verrucarin A is an exploratory sign of damp-building mold exposure, pending stronger human data.
- Verrucarin JA verrucarin variant from the same water-damage molds; its inclusion completes the Stachybotrys trichothecene coverage.Detection reinforces a possible water-damage exposure profile within the panel's exploratory framework.
About Mycotoxins II
Molds quietly release chemical byproducts called mycotoxins into food, dust, and damp indoor air. Your body absorbs a share of what you breathe or eat, processes it, and sends the remainder out in your urine.
This panel reads that urine for 29 different mold toxins at once. It is an exposure-mapping tool, used mostly in research and functional medicine settings, that shows what recently reached you rather than proving any specific illness.
What This Panel Reveals
People are almost never exposed to just one mold toxin. Biomonitoring studies find that co-exposure is the rule: in a Swedish adult study, more than one toxin was found in 69% of people, and in one Southern Italy study every volunteer carried two or more. A broad panel is designed to catch that mixture, which no single-toxin test can show.
The panel groups into several exposure stories. The aflatoxin markers track toxins from Aspergillus molds on grains and nuts, the family with the clearest human health link. The kidney-associated group, mainly ochratoxin A and citrinin, reflects stored-grain, coffee, and wine molds. The Fusarium group, including deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and the fumonisins, tracks cereal and corn toxins, one of which mimics estrogen.
A separate cluster targets water-damaged buildings. The macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxins, roridins, and verrucarins), along with chaetoglobosin A, come from Stachybotrys and related damp-loving molds. In laboratory studies these toxins block the machinery cells use to build proteins, which is why they draw interest, but the human evidence tying a urine level to illness remains associative and unsettled. Toxicology reviews also note that inhaled doses in moldy indoor spaces are generally far below the levels shown to cause harm.
How to Read Your Results Together
The value of the panel is in the pattern, not any one number. A few toxins together can matter even when each alone looks modest. In a Chinese adult study, samples containing both deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were flagged for a possible combined hormone-disrupting effect that neither toxin triggered on its own.
| Pattern | What It May Suggest |
|---|---|
| Several Fusarium markers together (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins) | A cereal- and corn-heavy dietary exposure, the most common source pattern |
| Aflatoxin markers plus ochratoxin A | Added exposure from stored or poorly kept grains, nuts, coffee, or wine |
| Water-damage toxins (satratoxins, roridins, verrucarins) present | An exploratory clue toward damp-building exposure that needs an environmental check, not a diagnosis |
| Metabolites present (aflatoxin M1, dihydrocitrinone) | The parent toxin was truly absorbed and processed, a stronger sign than a parent toxin alone |
What to Do with Your Results
Treat a positive result as a prompt to investigate, not a verdict. Because diet is the dominant source for most of these toxins, the first step is a review of recent food, especially grains, corn, nuts, coffee, and dried fruit. If water-damage toxins show up, an inspection of your home or workplace for moisture and visible mold is the logical next move.
Serial tracking is where this panel earns its place. Levels swing widely over time: when European adults gave two full-day urine collections a month apart, concentrations of almost every toxin changed by more than half, and only about 7% of people tested positive for the same toxin groups both times. A single result is a snapshot, so repeat testing under similar diet and hydration, ideally on first-morning urine, gives a more honest read on whether an exposure is persistent. Bring results to a clinician who can weigh them alongside your symptoms, diet, and any liver or kidney markers.
When Results Can Be Misleading
Several limits affect the whole panel at once. Urine reflects recent exposure, so results shift with what you ate in the prior day or two and with how dilute your urine is, which is why labs correct for concentration. Ochratoxin A, for instance, binds tightly to blood proteins and has a long stay in the body, so blood often captures its long-term exposure better than urine does, leaving a urine-only panel less complete for it.
The deepest limit is interpretation. Commercial urine mold panels reviewed in the United States were not validated by regulators, used in-house reference ranges, and in some cases counted any detectable amount as positive. Detecting a toxin proves exposure happened; it does not prove that mold caused a given symptom or pinpoint the building it came from. Standardized clinical cutoffs for these toxins do not yet exist.